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Would Universal Background Checks Work

Written By Wednesday, April 27, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Background checks for individual sales of firearms in the U.s.a.

This article is about background checks for private sales of firearms in the Us. For background checks in general, see Background check.

Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and get through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes chosen the private sale exemption. Universal background checks are not required by U.S. federal law, but at least 22 states and the Commune of Columbia currently require background checks for at least some individual sales of firearms.

Groundwork [edit]

Federal law requires groundwork checks (through the National Instant Criminal Groundwork Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the U.s.a.. This effigy was published in a 2017 report by the Annals of Internal Medicine which, using a 2015 survey, establish that 22% of recent gun transfers (purchased and nonpurchased) were completed without a background cheque.[1] The authors noted that while this number was less than in years past, it nonetheless indicates that millions of American adults are able to obtain firearms without groundwork checks.[1] The current federal law allows people not "engaged in the business organisation" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. A 2008 study from the Coalition to Finish Gun Violence (CSGV) stated that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System had prevented over i.4 million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms in the years between 1994-2005.[two] Co-ordinate to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive consequence, that deters illegal purchases.

In Nov 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.Due south. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 pct or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[3] : iii, 12 [4] [5] : 27 Two months afterward, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[three] The Secretary and the A.1000. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of "gun testify," and reviewing the definition of "engaged in the business".

After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national contend.[6] [7] [eight] In May, the executive vice president of the National Burglarize Association (NRA) told the Business firm Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, "We call up it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show."[nine] : 118 Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[ten] [nb one] Efforts to reverse a primal feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had get prolific in the U.S. since the police force's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[eleven] [12]

Individual sale exemption [edit]

In the August 5, 2010, effect of The New England Periodical of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private-party gun sales get through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to practise.[13] Their study concluded:

Drawbacks with respect to expense and inconvenience notwithstanding, 83% of self-reported gun owners and 87% of the general population endorsed regulation for all private-political party gun sales in a 2008 poll that was conducted for the advocacy organization Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Gun owners gave stronger back up to this all-inclusive arroyo than to a gun-show-only proposal in a 2009 poll conducted for the same organization. Either proposal would face tough sledding on Capitol Loma. It would therefore seem preferable to move forward with the version that is nearly likely to reduce the rates of firearm-related violence.[13]

Following the December 14, 2012 Sandy Hook Simple School massacre, there were numerous calls for universal background checks[14] [xv] [16] to close what is now referred to as the "private sale loophole."[17] [eighteen] [19] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple, off-white framework for retail firearms commerce.[20] : 103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background cheque there was a 23 pct increase in firearms homicides.[21]

A 2012 study published in the periodical Injury Prevention found that almost 80% of all firearms used for criminal purposes are obtained through transfers from unlicensed dealers, which are non required to bear background checks in a majority of states due to the private auction exemption.[22]

In 2017, a study past researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Wellness showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous ii years did non undergo a background check earlier doing so.[23]

Public opinion [edit]

Universal groundwork checks enjoy high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of registered voters in the United States supported the measure out.[24] Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for "expanded background checks for gun purchases," with rates varying (93% and 89% back up in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% back up in a Pew Enquiry Middle survey).[25] A 2015 survey constitute that more than ninety% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy.[26] In that location is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the instance. The aforementioned survey constitute that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while simply 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors ended that "this deviation might be attributable to poor sensation of the limitations of existing laws."[27]

In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported groundwork checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Enquiry Center survey.[28] In 2017, stiff majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Enquiry Center survey with an fault attributable to sampling of +/- 2.8% at the 95% level of confidence.[29] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High Schoolhouse shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal groundwork checks.[xxx] [31] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, according to a Political leader/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- two%.[30] 94% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Constitute poll with a margin of mistake of +/- 3.4%.[31]

A July 2019 poll by NPR found that 89% of respondents supported background checks for all gun purchases at gun shows or other private sales.[32] An overwhelming majority of Republicans (84%) and Democrats (96%) indicated their support, suggesting there is bipartisan popular consensus on the broad topic in the public.[33]

Opposition [edit]

Gun rights groups such as the National Rifle Association and National Shooting Sports Foundation oppose universal background cheque proposals.[34] [35] Opponents of universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the regime does not prosecute enough of the attempted ineligible buyers who are turned away past the electric current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; and that "transfer" might be defined too broadly.[36] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not cease criminal offence[36] [37] and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal organization would exist to require a registration database.[37] Gun-rights abet and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of Dec 2015, background checks added an effective toll of $fourscore (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal groundwork checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-law-breaking urban areas.[38]

Some local counties have adopted 2nd Amendment sanctuary resolutions in opposition to universal groundwork check laws.[39] [twoscore]

Effectiveness [edit]

Studies [edit]

Universal groundwork cheque laws were associated with a xiv.9% reduction in overall homicides, according to a 2019 study by medical researchers including Michael Siegel of the Boston University School of Public Health and David Hemenway of the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health published past the Journal of General Internal Medicine. The study authors wrote that "farther inquiry is necessary to determine whether these associations are causal ones".[41]

An Oct 2018 study conducted by the Violence Prevention Research Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Middle for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Wellness found no change in firearm homicide or suicide rates in the ten years post-obit California's 1991 implementation of comprehensive groundwork checks. The written report's command group used firearm and not-firearm mortality data for 32 states that did not implement major firearm policies during the menses from 1981-2000. In the study period, firearm suicide rates were 10.ix percent lower in California but a like decrease in non-firearm suicide was too observed. The study institute no net divergence between firearm-related homicide rates before and during the study period. The written report authors identified a number of possible reasons for the zip finding, including inadequate reporting of criminal records or other disqualifying information to background-check databases (especially pre-2000); a failure by sellers to bear the background check equally required by constabulary; and the small number of persons afflicted by the California law.[42]

Another study by the VPRP found that comprehensive background check policies led to increased background checks in Delaware, but not in Colorado or Washington. Not-compliance with the policy may exist attributable to the lack of an increase in the latter two states.[43]

A report published in July 2018 establish no association betwixt firearm homicide and suicide rates and the repeal of comprehensive groundwork bank check laws in two states. The study compared rates from constructed control groups to rates in Indiana from 1981 to 2008 and in Tennessee from 1994 to 2008. Rates from the ii states' study periods were inside the range of natural variability. The study likewise concluded that in order to understand whether comprehensive background checks generally reduce firearm deaths, more than show from other states is needed.[44]

A study published in June 2018 in the Journal of Urban Health by authors affiliated with the Violence Prevention Inquiry Program (VPRP) at UC Davis and the Center for Gun Policy and Research at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health establish comprehensive background check (CBC) laws not tied to a permit-to-buy police force were associated with an increase in firearm homicide rates simply not not-firearm homicide rates.[45] The authors of the report noted, however, that they have "identified no plausible theory to explicate how requiring a prospective firearm purchaser to undergo a background check would result in increased homicide rates."[45] In attempting to explain the unexpected results, the researchers proposed an endogenous relationship such that states passing the CBC-only laws were doing so in response to already rising firearm homicide rates.[45]

A 2016 study published in The Lancet attempted to measure the touch that 25 different state laws had on overall firearm-related mortality, and it constitute that universal background checks had the strongest overall impact.[46] Additionally, the researchers' projection of a federally implemented universal background cheque policy predicted that national firearm mortality could driblet from ten.35 deaths per 100,000 people to 4.46 deaths per 100,000 people.[46] A 2015 study published in the American Periodical of Public Health institute that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in social club to obtain a required let) "was associated with a 40 percent refuse in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides" during the law's first ten years in event.[47] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health establish that the 2007 repeal of a "let-to-purchase" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a fifteen% increment in the murder rate, translating "to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri."[48] The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including "changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of state laws."[48] A 2013 study published in the JAMA Internal Medicine analyzed various types of firearm legislation across the U.S. from 2007-2010 and firearm-related deaths across all 50 states, and concluded that stronger background checks were associated with lower overall firearm fatality rates.[49]

Scholarly surveys [edit]

In a survey published by the New York Times in January 2017, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and police force rated universal groundwork checks as the about effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking information technology #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies (vii.three on a 10-point effectiveness scale).[50] In a subsequent good survey published in October 2017 on policies to adjourn mass shooting deaths specifically, the skilful panel ranked universal checks for gun buyers and universal checks for ammunition buyers as 6.6 and 6.v (on a x-point effectiveness scale), respectively, ranking them as the 5th- and sixth-most effective of 20 gun-policy proposals.[51]

A survey by Arthur Berg, Gary Mauser, and John Lott, published in the winter 2019-2020 edition of the Cato Constitute quarterly Regulation, asked respondents (38 criminologists, 32 economists, and 50 public health researchers who had published an empirical study on firearms in a peer-reviewed journal) to rank the effects of 33 firearms policies (twenty policies in the New York Times in 2017, plus 8 boosted policies that would loosen gun regulation, and 5 boosted restrictive policies) on reducing murder rates and mass shootings. (Berg, Mauser, and Lott asked about "murder rates" rather than gun homicides because they fabricated the assumption that stricter gun laws would non affect the homicide charge per unit.) Respondents ranked universal background checks 13th and 14th for reducing the murder rate and reducing mass shootings, respectively. Public health researchers were essentially likelier than economists and criminologists to charge per unit universal background checks as effective.[52]

Implications for mental health counseling [edit]

Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before whatsoever gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians take reported that these laws have created confusion near whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore fabricated it more difficult for them to counsel their patients.[53]

States with universal background check laws [edit]

As of July 2020, 22 states and Commune of Columbia require groundwork checks for at least some private sales of firearms, every bit follows:[54]

Jurisdiction Summary from Giffords Law Center[54]
California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Nevada, New Bailiwick of jersey, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, Virginia,[55] Vermont, Washington, and the Commune of Columbia "Require universal groundwork checks at the betoken of sale for all sales and transfers of all classes of firearms, whether they are purchased from a licensed dealer or an unlicensed seller."[54]
Maryland and Pennsylvania "Require point of sale groundwork checks for handguns but not for long guns, like rifles and shotguns."[54]
Hawaii, Illinois, and Massachusetts "Require all firearm purchasers to obtain a permit, issued afterward a background bank check, in lodge to buy any firearm" (this requirement is in lieu of a point-of-sale background cheque)[54]
New Bailiwick of jersey "Requires firearm purchasers to both obtain a permit to purchase a firearm and, if the purchase is from an unlicensed seller, comport the transaction through a federally-licensed firearms dealer."[54]
Michigan, Nebraska, and Northward Carolina "Permit and groundwork check requirement for handgun purchases but not long-gun purchases."[54]

In Maine, a 2016 referendum to require background checks on private sales failed after a closely fought campaign, with "yep" gaining 48.2% of the vote and "no" gaining 52.eight% of the vote.[56] [57] In 2014, a referendum in Washington state to require background checks on individual sales (Initiative Measure No. 594) passed,[54] with "yes" gaining 59.three% of the vote and "no" gaining 40.7% of the vote.[58]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ A report released in 2009, 10 years after Columbine, discussed the part that gun shows play in trafficking to Mexico.[5]

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Matthew Miller, Physician, ScD; Lisa Hepburn, PhD; Deborah Azrael, PhD. "Firearm Acquisition Without Groundwork Checks". Register of Internal Medicine . Retrieved February xx, 2017. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  2. ^ "America's Gun Shows: Open up Markets for Criminals" (PDF). Coalition to Cease Gun Violence & Educational Fund to End Gun Violence. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-11-27.
  3. ^ a b U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of Justice (January 1999). "Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Law-breaking Gun Traces" (PDF). atf.gov. Bureau of Booze, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). Retrieved June 27, 2014. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  4. ^ "Gun Testify undercover" (PDF). October 2009. p. xi. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  5. ^ a b "Firearms Trafficking: U.Southward. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Confront Planning and Coordination Challenges" (PDF). gao.gov. United States Government Accountability Office (GAO). June 2009. GAO-09-709. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  6. ^ "The argue on gun policies in U.S. and midwest newspapers". Berkeley Media Studies Grouping. Jan 1, 2000.
  7. ^ National Conference of Land Legislatures (June 1, 2000). "Colorado After Columbine The Gun Debate". The Gratuitous Library past Farlex. Gale Group.
  8. ^ "No Questions Asked: Background Checks, Gun Shows, and Crime" (PDF). Americans for Gun Rubber Foundation. Apr i, 2001.
  9. ^ LaPierre, Wayne (May 27, 1999). "Argument of Wayne LaPierre, Executive Vice President, National Rifle Association at Pending Firearms Legislation and the Administration's Enforcement of Current Gun Laws: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal offense of the Committee of the Judiciary of the House of Representatives Ane Hundred Sixth Congress First Session". commdocs.house.gov. Washington, D.C. Retrieved July 4, 2014. No loopholes anywhere for anyone.
  10. ^ "Following the Gun: Enforcing Federal Laws Confronting Firearms Traffickers" (PDF). Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). June 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2003.
  11. ^ Olinger, David (February 13, 2000). "Dealers live for gun shows". Denverpost.com . Retrieved Jan 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Baum, Dan (June 8, 2000). "What I saw at the gun show". rollingstone.com . Retrieved Jan thirty, 2015.
  13. ^ a b Wintemute, Garen J.; Braga, Anthony A.; Kennedy, David M. (August 5, 2010). "Private-Political party Gun Sales, Regulation, and Public Safety". The New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 363 (half-dozen): 508–511. doi:x.1056/NEJMp1006326. PMID 20592291. S2CID 40954102. Published online at nejm.org on June thirty, 2010.
  14. ^ Hartfield, Elizabeth (December 24, 2012). "In Gun Control Contend, Arguments for Tougher Background Checks, Better State Reporting". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  15. ^ Sullum, Jacob (January 11, 2013). "four Questions About 'Universal Background Checks' for Gun Purchases". Reason.com (Blog). Reason Foundation. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  16. ^ More than universal sources:
    • Avlon, John (Jan 12, 2013). "Gun debate still rages later Sandy Hook slaughter". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Sullivan, Cheryl (Jan 12, 2013). "Gun debate 101: Time for 'universal' background checks on buyers?". Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved June 27, 2014.
    • Martinez, Michael (January 28, 2013). "'Universal background cheque:' What does it hateful?". Cable News Network. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
  17. ^ Fisher, Kristin (Dec 15, 2011). "Illegal Internet Gun Sales are Soaring in Virginia". WUSA9. Archived from the original on February 8, 2015. Retrieved February seven, 2015. These Internet sales really are the new gun shows.
  18. ^ Shapiro, Eliza (November 29, 2012). "Gun-Command Vestibule Targets Obama, Demands Reform". Daily Animal.
  19. ^ More individual sale loophole sources:
    • Kirkham, Chris (Dec 21, 2012). "Private Gun Sale Loophole Creates Invisible Firearms Market, Prompts Calls For Reform". The Huffington Post.
    • "Universal Background Checks & the Individual Sale Loophole Policy Summary". Smart Gun Laws. Law Middle to Forestall Gun Violence. August 21, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
    • Taylor, Marisa (December 22, 2014). "Gun law loophole could have provided Brinsley'southward murder weapon, say experts". Al Jazeera America. Through something known as the private auction loophole, he could have purchased the firearm in the individual market at a gun show or out of someone's torso.
    • Dobbs, Taylor (January xvi, 2015). "Gun Rights Group Slams Proposed Legislation". Vermont Public Radio.
  20. ^ Wintemute, Garen J. (2013). "Comprehensive Groundwork Checks for Firearm Sales: Testify from Gun Shows". In Webster, Daniel West.; Vernick, Jon Due south. (eds.). Reducing Gun Violence in America. JHU Printing. pp. 95–107. ISBN978-1-4214-1110-1. OCLC 823897002.
  21. ^ Webster, Daniel (February 18, 2014). "ID Check Repeal Prompts Fasten In Murders, Written report Finds". All Things Considered (Interview). Interviewed by Audie Cornish. NPR. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  22. ^ Vittes, Katherine A.; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W. (2012). "Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership". Injury Prevention. xix (one): 26–31. doi:x.1136/injuryprev-2011-040290. ISSN 1475-5785. PMID 22729164.
  23. ^ Miller, 1000; Hepburn, L; Azrael, D (3 Jan 2017). "Firearm Conquering Without Background Checks: Results of a National Survey". Register of Internal Medicine. 166 (4): 233–239. doi:10.7326/M16-1590. PMID 28055050.
  24. ^ Bui, Quotrung; Sanger-Katz, Margot (Jan x, 2017). "How to Prevent Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Agree". The New York Times . Retrieved Baronial 23, 2019.
  25. ^ Carroll, Lauren (v January 2016). "Laura Ingraham wrongly says claim that 90% support for gun groundwork checks has been debunked". Politifact . Retrieved vii Jan 2016.
  26. ^ Sorenson, Susan B. (October 2015). "Assessing views about gun violence reduction policy: A wait at type of violence and expected effectiveness". Preventive Medicine. 79: fifty–54. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.025. PMID 25952054.
  27. ^ Aronow, Peter Thou; Miller, Benjamin T (January 2016). "Policy misperceptions and support for gun control legislation". The Lancet. 387 (10015): 223. doi:x.1016/S0140-6736(16)00042-viii. PMID 26842292.
  28. ^ Fingerhut, Hannah (January five, 2016). "5 facts about guns in the United States". Pew Inquiry Center. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
  29. ^ Parker, Kim; Menasce Horowitz, Juliana; Igielnik, Ruth; Oliphant, Baxter; Brown, Anna (June 22, 2017). "America's Complex Relationship With Guns". Pew Research Center. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  30. ^ a b Shepard, Steven (Feb 28, 2018). "Gun control back up surges in polls". Politico. Retrieved March xix, 2018. Eighty-eight percent support requiring background checks on all gun sales.
  31. ^ a b "Poll Release May 22, 2019". Quinnipiac Academy Polling Establish. May 22, 2019. Retrieved September three, 2019. 94 Pct Back Universal Gun Background Checks
  32. ^ "Americans Largely Support Gun Restrictions To 'Do Something' About Gun Violence". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  33. ^ "Poll: Americans Not Sold On Trump — Or Democrats". NPR.org . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  34. ^ Tom Hamburger & Josh Dawsey, "Trump tells NRA chief that universal background checks are off the tabular array", Washington Mail (August twenty, 2019).
  35. ^ Brendan J. Lyons & Dan Freedman, "Cuomo, eleven other Democratic governors urge tighter gun regulations", Olean Times Herald (September 10, 2019).
  36. ^ a b Proficient, Chris (Apr 10, 2013). "The Instance Against Gun Background Checks". ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  37. ^ a b 1000&A online editors (May 28, 2013). "NRA Members: Universal Background Checks 'Non a Solution'". Guns & Ammo. Intermedia Outdoors. Retrieved June 30, 2014. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  38. ^ Lott, John (2015-12-03). "Mass Shootings and Gun Control". National Review.
  39. ^ "Daily Message: Students Prep the Next Round of Schoolhouse Walkouts for Gun Reform". The Trace . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  40. ^ "New Mexico governor enacts expanded gun background checks". Las Cruces Lord's day-News . Retrieved 2019-03-09 .
  41. ^ Siegel, Michael; Pahn, Molly; Xuan, Ziming; Fleegler, Eric; Hemenway, David (March 28, 2019). "The Impact of State Firearm Laws on Homicide and Suicide Deaths in the USA, 1991–2016: a Panel Study". Periodical of General Internal Medicine. 34 (x): 2021–2028. doi:10.1007/s11606-019-04922-10. PMC6816623. PMID 30924089.
  42. ^ Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Kagawa, Rose M.C.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon S; Webster, Daniel W; Wintemute, Garen J. (2019). "California'south comprehensive background cheque and misdemeanor violence prohibition policies and firearm bloodshed". Annals of Epidemiology. 30: fifty–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2018.ten.001. PMID 30744830.
  43. ^ Wintemute, Garen J.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Kagawa, Rose Yard. C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro (2018-12-01). "Comprehensive background check policy and firearm background checks in 3 US states". Injury Prevention. 24 (half-dozen): 431–436. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042475. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 28986427.
  44. ^ Kagawa, Rose Thou.C.; Castillo-Carniglia, Alvaro; Vernick, Jon S.; Webster, Daniel W.; Crifasi, Cassandra; Rudolph, Kara E.; Cerdá, Magdalena; Shev, Aaron; Wintemute, Garen J. (2018). "Repeal of Comprehensive Background Bank check Policies and Firearm Homicide and Suicide". Epidemiology. 29 (4): 494–502. doi:ten.1097/EDE.0000000000000838. PMID 29613872. S2CID 4594013.
  45. ^ a b c Crifasi, C.K., Merrill-Francis, M., McCourt, A. et al. "Association between Firearm Laws and Homicide in Urban Counties." J Urban Health (2018) 95: 383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0273-3
  46. ^ a b Kalesan, Bindu; Mobily, Matthew E; Keiser, Olivia; Fagan, Jeffrey A; Galea, Sandro (2016-04-30). "Firearm legislation and firearm mortality in the United states of america: a cross-exclusive, state-level study". The Lancet. 387 (10030): 1847–1855. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(fifteen)01026-0. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 26972843. S2CID 21415884.
  47. ^ Rudolph, Kara E.; Stuart, Elizabeth A.; Vernick, Jon Southward.; Webster, Daniel W. (2015). "Clan Between Connecticut'south Permit-to-Purchase Handgun Police and Homicides". American Journal of Public Wellness. 105 (8): e49–e54. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302703. PMC4504296. PMID 26066959.
  48. ^ a b Webster, Daniel; Kercher Crifasi, Cassandra; Vernick, Jon South. (2014). "Effects of the repeal of Missouri'due south handgun purchaser licensing law on homicides". Journal of Urban Wellness. 91 (ii): 293–302. doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9865-8. PMC3978146. PMID 24604521.
  49. ^ Fleegler, Eric Westward.; Lee, Lois K.; Monuteaux, Michael C.; Hemenway, David; Mannix, Rebekah (2013-05-13). "Firearm Legislation and Firearm-Related Fatalities in the United States". JAMA Internal Medicine. 173 (ix): 732–40. doi:x.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1286. ISSN 2168-6106. PMID 23467753.
  50. ^ Quoctrung Bui & Margot Sanger-Katz (January 10, 2017). "How to Forestall Gun Deaths? Where Experts and the Public Hold". New York Times.
  51. ^ Margot Sanger-Katz & Quoctrung Bui. (October 5, 2017). "Experts poll on reducing mass shooting deaths". New York Times.
  52. ^ Lott, John R. and Berg, Doc, Arthur and Mauser, Gary A., Proficient Views on Gun Laws, Regulation (Wintertime 2019-2020).
  53. ^ McCourt, AD; Vernick, JS; Betz, ME; Brandspigel, S; Runyan, CW (1 Jan 2017). "Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Preclude Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (i): 96–101. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.5704. PMID 27842186.
  54. ^ a b c d due east f g h Universal Groundwork Checks, Giffords Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence (accessed January 1, 2020).
  55. ^ "Universal Groundwork Checks". Giffords . Retrieved 2020-12-09 .
  56. ^ Kevin Miller, "Proposed expansion of gun groundwork checks defeated", Portland Press Herald (Nov 8, 2016).
  57. ^ "Nov 8, 2016 Referendum Ballot: Official Results", Maine Department of the Secretarial assistant of Country, Bureau of Corporations, Elections & Commissions.
  58. ^ "November four, 2014 General Election Results: Initiative Measure No. 594: Concerns groundwork checks for firearm sales and transfers", Washington Secretarial assistant of Land.

Further reading [edit]

  • Editorial board (Feb 18, 2014). "Missouri study shows why we need universal gun background checks". Chicago Dominicus-Times. Sun-Times Media. Retrieved June 30, 2014.
  • Krouse, William J. (March 1, 2013). "Gun Command Proposals in the 113th Congress: Universal Background Checks, Gun Trafficking, and Armed services Style Firearms" (PDF). U.Southward. Department of State . Retrieved February 17, 2015.

Would Universal Background Checks Work,

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